INTRODUCTION:

The method by which a drug is delivered can have a significant effect on its efficacy. Some drugs have an optimal concentration range in which the maximum benefit is obtained and a concentration above or below this range can be toxic or have no therapeutic benefit. On the other hand, due to the slow progress in the treatment of serious diseases, a multi-disciplinary approach to treating targets in tissues has been suggested. From it came new ideas about pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, specific toxicity, immunogenicity, bioregnition, control of the efficacy of drugs. This new strategy, often referred to as drug delivery systems, is based on interdisciplinary approaches that combine polymer science, pharmaceuticals, bioconjugate chemistry, and molecular biology.

A drug delivery system is developed to effectively deliver drugs to the right target site and maintain the desired drug level. Research into new DDS is ongoing in implants, liposomes, nanoparticles, hydrogels, phytosomes, dendrimers and liquid crystals.^1,2,4

a) There are Several Advantages of Novel Drug Delivery Systems over Conventional Drug Delivery.

· Optimum therapeutic- drug concentration in the blood or in tissue may be maintained over a prolonged period of time.

· Pre- determined release rates of extended period of time may be achieved.

· Duration for short half- life drug may be increased

· By targeting the site of action, side effects may be eliminated.

· Frequent dosing and wastage of the drug may be reduced or excluded.

· Better patient compliance may be ensured.^3,4

b) Development In Novel Drug Delivery System:

A. Implants

B. Liposomes

C. Nanoparticles

D. Hydrogels

E. Phytosomes

F. dendrimers

G. Liquid Crystal

A. Implants:

There are many possible classifications for implantable systems. In General, two major groups of “drug implants” and “implantabledrug-loaded pumps” could be addressed. In the first group, i.e. drug implants, various types of polymers, and polymeric membranes are used to control the drug release from the delivery system. The latter group, i.e. implantable drug-loaded pumps, utilize a mechanical pump to control the drug release. Following the technological advances in this area, the third atypical group of implants has emerged. Different delivery systems such as sustained-release intraocular systems for the treatment of glaucoma, hydroxyapatite cement systems used in osteomyelitis, and transurethral injection systems for impotence are a few examples.⁵

B. Liposomes:

Liposomes are mainly used in drug delivery due to their unusual but unique properties. The liposome is able to penetrate into the area of the aqueous solution inside the water replenishment membrane. This is otherwise called hydrophobic membrane dissolving hydrophilic will not allow it to pass through lipids easily. Hydrophobic chemicals, on the other hand, can be dissolved in membranes that allow liposomes to carry both hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules. When the lipid bilayer fuses with other bilayers, such as the cell membrane, the molecules are delivered to the action site.^6,7

C. Nanoparticles:

Nanoparticles can be synthesized chemically or biologically. Many adverse effects due to the absorption of certain toxic chemicals on the surface are related to chemical synthesis methods. Environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical and physical methods are the biological pathways of nanoparticles synthesis using microorganisms, enzymes, fungi, and plant or plant extracts. Nanomedicine has enormous potential for improving the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. The use of microbes in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles is an environmentally acceptable process. Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the various tools of biotechnology to make them more personalized, portable, cheaper, safer and easier to administer.⁸

D. Hydrogels:

Hydrogels are three-dimensional, hydrophilic, polymeric networks in which large amounts of water or biological liquids can be formed. They are used to control drug release as carriers in reservoir-based, controlled release systems or in swallow able and swelling-controlled release devices.⁹

E. Phytosomes:

Phytosomes are lipid compliant molecular complexes that are “phyto” meaning plant and “some” meaning cell-like. Complexing polyphenolic phytoconstants compared to phosphatidyl choline leads to a new herbal drug delivery system, called “phytosomes”. Phytosomes are advanced forms of herbal products that are better absorbed to achieve better results than products made with traditional herbal extracts. Phytosomes show better pharmacokinetic and therapeutic profiles than traditional herbal extracts.⁴

F. Dendrimers:

Dendrimers are nanometre-size, high-branched and nondispersive macromolecules with symmetrical architecture, while their stability and protection from the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) is achieved by the functionality of dendrimers with polyethylene glycol chain (PEG).¹⁰

G. Liquid Crystal:

Liquid crystals combine the properties of both liquid and solid states. They can be made from different geometries, alternating polar and polar-polar layers (i.e., a lamellar phase) that can contain aqueous drug solutions.¹¹

CONCLUSION:

Novel drug delivery systems have been used in broad range of pharmaceutical application. It has enhanced drug of disease location with short duration of time are now clinically accepted. It has exhibit reduce toxicity and increase efficiency compared with free convections drug. Only time will tell which of the above application and speculation will prove to be successful.

REFERENCE:

1. Sona Dave, Deepa Shriyan, and Pinakin Gujjar “Newer drug delivery systems in anesthesia” Journal of Anaesthesiology, Clinical Pharmacology. Wolters Kluwer, Medknow Publications.

2. Aruna Rastogi A review on “Novel drug delivery system” https://www.pharmatutor.org.

3. Mohd. Gayoor Khan A review on, “The Novel Drug Delivery System”, world Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ISSN 2278-4357

4. Shaktipal Patil, Amrapali Mhaiskar, Dharmendra Mundhada, “A Review on Novel Drug Delivery System: A RECENT TREND,’’ International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical & Clinical Research. E-ISSN 2248-9142.

5. Zahra Mohtashami, Zahra Esmaili, Molood Alsadat Vakilinezhad, Ehsan Seyedjafari & Hamid Akbari Javar (2019): Pharmaceutical implants: classification, Limitations and therapeutic applications, Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, DOI:10.1080/ 10837450.2019.1682607

6. J.S. Dua, Prof. A. C. Rana, Dr. A. K. Bhandari, “Liposome: Methods of Preparation and,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Studies and Research. E-ISSN 2229-4619

7. Renuka Devi SK (2012) Immunotherapy Monitoring Through Liposomes-An Altered Form of Bio-Sensing. J Aller Ther 3:122. Doi:10.4172/2155- 6121.1000122

8. Saba Hasan, “Review on Nanoparticles: Their Synthesis and Types,’’ Research Journal of Recent Sciences. ISSN 2277-2502 Vol. 4(ISC-2014), 1-3 (2015)

9. Muller Goymann CC. Physicochemical characterization of colloidal drug delivery systems such as reverse micelles, vesicles, liquid crystals and nanoparticles for topical administration. Europ J of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 58(1), 2004, 343-356.

10. Jain NK. Controlled and Novel drug delivery, 4^th edition, New Delhi, CBS Publishers and Distributers, 2002, 236-237.

11. Chauhan NS, Rajan G and Gopalakrishna B. Phytosomes: Potential phyto-phospholipid carriers for herbal drug delivery. J Pharm Res, 2(7), 2009, 1267-1270.

Received on 02.06.2021 Modified on 30.06.2021

Asian J. Pharm. Tech. 2021; 11(4):301-303.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5713.2021.00051